Educational Material

iram · Loyal Member Joined: 17 Jun 2008 Posts: 336

LITERACY

DILEMMA OF LITERACY DEFINITIONS

There have been variations in the definition of literacy which changed from one census to another. Very first definition of literacy used for 1951 Census emphasized reading ability which was further improved/modified in the subsequent census of 1961 requiring ‘reading’ with understanding of the meaning of text. Element of ‘writing’ was added further to the criterion of literacy in 1972. The 1972 and 1981 census definitions of literacy emphasized both ‘reading’ and ‘writing’ ability which consequently suppressed literacy rates

and Training Commission (NETCOM) in 1990. In its second meeting held on 18th Feb: 1984 defined a literate person as that who can:-
(1) Read and write a simple statement in the national or any of the regional languages:
(2) Count and write numbers and do simple calculations.
Thus an additional element of numeric was introduced in 1984 which has not so far influenced literacy rates reported in the aforementioned census documents.
It will be observed that Inter-Census definitional variations have rendered the task of comparison quite complex and difficult. If the 1951 census definition is accepted and applied on the 1981 census, there is likelihood that the literacy rate may be more than 50%. Similarly, if the 1981 census definition is applied on the 1951 census, the literacy rate for 1951 may be depressed further to less than ten percent. Literacy rates very from region to region as well as on the basis of sex. For instance literacy rates in rural areas are lower as compared to those of males.
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iram · Loyal Member Joined: 17 Jun 2008 Posts: 336

POLICIES ON LITERACY

Literacy and adult education have been recognized as essential elements of human resource development. Ever since independence, they constituted an integral part of education policies formulated policies formulated by the government from time to time but they were not able to increase the literacy rate of masses.
The situation remained the same. Let’s study the latest National Educational Policy 1998-2010 in the context of literacy.

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 1998-2010

In March 1998, the government of Pakistan announced its education policy for the period 1998-2010.Following steps were announced in the content of literacy:-
Implementation Strategies
1. National Literacy Movement will be launched on an emergency basis in every village, tehsil and district. The objectives of All Parties Accord will be achieved by making the society free from illiteracy by the year 2010.
2. Mosques, wherever feasible, will be utilized as one of the means to provide non formal basic education to increase literacy.
3. PMLC will prepare a plane of action in consultation with provinces for a coordinated effort in the National Literacy Movement.
4. All the appointments in the Non Formal Basic Education Community School/Centers will be made locally in consultation with the community without any political interference.
5. All the industrial units registered under the Factory Act would consider it mandatory to make the employers and their dependents literate. Similarly all the federal as well as provincial agencies like WAPDA, Pakistan Steel, Directorates of Industries, OPF Chambers of Commerce, PTV, BBC, shall be entrusted the same responsibility.
6. Another useful resource, available in the country in the form of Boy Scouts and Girl Guides, can be effectively used in the expansion of literacy programmes. It is estimated that there are more than 870000 Boy Scouts and more than 320000 Girls Guides in Pakistan. These young people have the physical capacity, intellectual motives, and emotional stability with community collectively in difficult circumstances.
7. The proposed targets for both the formal and non formal basic education schools will need to be revised in the light of the Census results need available by the end of the year.
8. Literacy Corps comprising of College/University students/teachers shall be established for literary programmes during vacations.
9. Khankahs/Mazars shall donate a portion of their earning to the literacy fund.
10. If an illiterate prisoner becomes literate, the duration of his/her imprisonment shall be condoned accordingly.
11. Driving and ammunition licenses shall be given only to literate persons.
12. Radio and television will play a crucial role and be extensively used for social mobilization and promoting the cause of basic education, particularly amongst rural females. Media will also be used to impart life skills to the non literates.
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iram · Loyal Member Joined: 17 Jun 2008 Posts: 336

CONCLUSION

In Pakistan, the over all strategy, during the period from 1947 to 1997 has remained one of expansion of the existing system and efforts have been directed solely to the establishment of more of the existing type of formal institutions. Thus more and more replication of the existing model has been the major approach too the solution of the problem of education sector. After spending scarce resources or have come to the conclusion that our approach of mere expansion has been very simplistic. It has created problems associated with the unequal provision of facilities. Rich conditions of learning as they exist in a few selected in situation are in sharp contrast to the total lack of basic amenities and physical facilities. In spite of the huge investment made the successive failure of the loud promises made in every plan and with every educational policy and putting off the well marked out deadlines, has created a credibility gap.
The non formal educational is now receiving a growing awareness and acceptance as a dominant approach to education in the future. The idea is certainly not a new one. The practice is almost perennial. The consciousness mat learning has to be co-existent with life is as old as mankind. All traditional societies had, in one way or the other, some learning practices within all periods of one’s life and as part and par eel of one’s overall activities. It is only in the more recent times that learning and education become time bound and space bound, mostly limited to some age groups, predominantly professionalized, institutionalized and socio logically and pedagogically programmes. This reflects in reality the basic trends in the global evolution of our contemporary societies, which are increasingly over organized and over structured, leaving less and less scope for creativity, imagination, choice and peoples real participation. Educational systems and learning facilities mirror the same trends and societal characteristics. They are not, and cannot be, exceptions in the overall rules of the human nature. The increased emphasis on non formal learning stems from the awareness that institutionalized, time and space bound education does not correspond to the requirements of today’s societies. The concept of non formal education is based on an integral educational philosophy rather than the piecemeal and diffused practices.
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raanaa

thanxxxxx
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princess · Friends Empire Emperor Joined: 23 Oct 2011 Posts: 31145

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